Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as
extras (called "sundries" in Australia) due to errors made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways:
- No ball: a penalty of one extra that is conceded by the bowler if he breaks the rules of bowling either by (a) using an inappropriate arm action;
(b) overstepping the popping crease; (c) having a foot outside the
return crease. In addition, the bowler has to re-bowl the ball. In
limited overs matches, a no ball is called if the bowling team's field
setting fails to comply with the restrictions. In shorter formats of the
game (20–20, ODI) the free hit rule has been introduced. The ball
following a front foot no-ball will be a free-hit for the batsman,
whereby he is safe from losing his wicket except for being run-out.
- Wide: a penalty of one extra that is conceded by the bowler
if he bowls so that the ball is out of the batsman's reach; as with a no
ball, a wide must be re-bowled.
- Bye: extra(s) awarded if the batsman misses the ball and it
goes past the wicketkeeper to give the batsmen time to run in the
conventional way (note that one mark of a good wicketkeeper is one who
restricts the tally of byes to a minimum).
- Leg bye: extra(s) awarded if the ball hits the batsman's
body, but not his bat, while attempting a legitimate shot, and it goes
away from the fielders to give the batsmen time to run in the
conventional way.
When the bowler has bowled a no ball or a wide, his team incurs an
additional penalty because that ball (i.e., delivery) has to be bowled
again and hence the batting side has the opportunity to score more runs
from this extra ball. The batsmen have to run (i.e., unless the ball
goes to the boundary for four) to claim byes and leg byes but these only
count towards the team total, not to the striker's individual total for
which runs must be scored off the bat.
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