6 April 2012
Kriket MSSD Kinta Utara 2012
28 March 2012
References
Notes
- ^ MCC – the official Laws of Cricket. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ CricketArchive – full list of ICC member countries. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ John Major, More Than A Game, HarperCollins, 2007
- ^ John Leach, From Lads to Lord's quotes the precise date of the accounting entry as Thursday 10 March 1300 (Julian date), which is in the Gregorian year of 1301. Retrieved on 31 January 2009.
- ^ John Leach, From Lads to Lord's quotes the precise date of the court case in Guildford as Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date), which is in the Gregorian year of 1598. Retrieved on 31 January 2009.
- ^ Middle Dutch was the language in use in Flanders at the time.
- ^ Birley, p.3
- ^ Birley, op. cit.
- ^ Altham, p.21
- ^ Bowen, p.33
- ^ David Terry, The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ Gillmeister's theory is summarised in the introduction to the book The Language of Cricket by John Eddowes, ISBN 1-85754-270-3.
- ^ David Underdown, Start of Play, Allen Lane, 2000, p.3
- ^ a b H S Altham, A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914), George Allen & Unwin, 1962, p.21
- ^ Timothy J McCann, Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century, Sussex Record Society, 2004
- ^ CricketArchive profile. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team, National Museum of Australia. Retrieved on 24 May 2011.
- ^ CricInfo profile. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 1. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ Eastaway, Rob (2004). What Is a Googly?: The Mysteries of Cricket Explained. Great Britain: Robson Works. pp. 24. ISBN 1 86105 629 X.
- ^ "Dimensions for Cricket". Retrieved 2010-02-16.
- ^ a b MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 19
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 23. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ 22 yards is the length of a chain, a surveyor's measure first devised in 1620
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 12. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 30. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 32. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 36. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 38. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 39. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 35. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 34. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 37. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 33. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC – Laws of Cricket: Law 31. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ MCC—Laws of Cricket: Preamble to the Laws. Accessed 8 September 2010.
- ^ MCC—Laws of Cricket: Promoting the Spirit of Cricket. Accessed 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Zimbabwe revokes Test status". BBC Sport. 2006-01-18. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ "Zimbabwe beat Bangladesh on return to Test cricket". BBC Sport. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ Eastaway, Rob, What Is a Googly?: The Mysteries of Cricket Explained (Anova, 2005), p. 134.
- ^ CricketArchive: full list of ICC members. Retrieved on 25 July 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "A brief history ...". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
- ^ "Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Afghanistan". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ Singh, Vikas (December 30, 2003). "Ponting in Bradmanesque avatar". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- ^ a b Tygiel (2000), p. 16.
External links
Media related to Cricket at Wikimedia CommonsIn popular culture
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C.L.R. James's Beyond a Boundary is a popular book about the sport.
See also
Statistics
Main article: Cricket statistics
Organized cricket lends itself to statistics
to a greater degree than many other sports. Each play is discrete and
has a relatively small number of possible outcomes. At the professional
level, statistics for Test cricket, one-day internationals, and
first-class cricket are recorded separately. However, since Test matches
are a form of first-class cricket, a player's first-class statistics
will include his Test match statistics—but not vice versa. The Guide to Cricketers was a cricket annual edited by Fred Lillywhite between 1849 and his death in 1866. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was founded in 1864 by the English cricketer John Wisden (1826–1884) as a competitor to The Guide to Cricketers. Its annual publication has continued uninterrupted to the present day, making it the longest running sports annual in history.Certain traditional statistics are familiar to most cricket fans. The basic batting statistics include:
- Innings (I): The number of innings in which the batsman actually batted.
- Not outs (NO): The number of times the batsman was not out at the conclusion of an innings they batted in.1
- Runs (R): The number of runs scored.
- Highest Score (HS/Best): The highest score ever made by the batsman.
- Batting Average (Ave): The total number of runs divided by the total number of innings in which the batsman was out. Ave = Runs/[I - NO] (also Avge or Avg.)
- Centuries (100): The number of innings in which the batsman scored one hundred runs or more.
- Half-centuries (50): The number of innings in which the batsman scored fifty to ninety-nine runs (centuries do not count as half-centuries as well).
- Balls Faced (BF): The total number of balls received, including no balls but not including wides.
- Strike Rate (SR): The number of runs scored per 100 balls faced. (SR = [100 * Runs]/BF)
- Run Rate (RR): Is the number of runs a batsman (or the batting side) scores in an over of six balls.
- Overs (O): The number of overs bowled.
- Balls (B): The number of balls bowled. Overs is more traditional, but balls is a more useful statistic because the number of balls per over has varied historically.
- Maiden Overs (M): The number of maiden overs (overs in which the bowler conceded zero runs) bowled.
- Runs (R): The number of runs conceded.
- Wickets (W): The number of wickets taken.
- No balls (Nb): The number of no balls bowled.
- Wides (Wd): The number of wides bowled.
- Bowling Average (Ave): The average number of runs conceded per wicket. (Ave = Runs/W)
- 'Economy Rate (Econ): The average number of runs conceded per over. (Econ = Runs/overs bowled).
Members
Main article: List of International Cricket Council members
Full Members
Full Members are the governing bodies for cricket in a country or associated countries. Full Members may also represent a geographical area. All Full Members have a right to send one representative team to play official Test matches. Also, all Full Member nations are automatically qualified to play ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals.[42] West Indies cricket team does not represent one country instead an amalgamation of over 20 countries from the Caribbean. The English Cricket team represents both England and Wales.| Nation | Governing body | Member since | Current Test Rankings | Current ODI Rankings | Current T20 Rankings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Australia |
Cricket Australia | 15 July 1909[42] | 4 | 1 | 5 |
 Bangladesh |
Bangladesh Cricket Board | 26 June 2000[42] | 9 | 9 | – |
 England |
England and Wales Cricket Board | 15 July 1909[42] | 1 | 6 | 1 |
 India |
Board of Control for Cricket in India | 31 May 1926[42] | 3 | 2 | 7 |
 New Zealand |
New Zealand Cricket | 31 May 1926[42] | 8 | 7 | 2 |
 Pakistan |
Pakistan Cricket Board | 28 July 1953[42] | 5 | 5 | 6 |
 South Africa |
Cricket South Africa | 15 July 1909A[42] | 2 | 3 | 4 |
 Sri Lanka |
Sri Lanka Cricket | 21 July 1981[42] | 6 | 4 | 3 |
 West Indies |
West Indies Cricket Board | 31 May 1926[42] | 7 | 8 | 8 |
 Zimbabwe |
Zimbabwe Cricket | 6 July 1992[42] | – | 10 | 10 |
Top Associate and Affiliate Members
All the associate and affiliate members are not qualified to play Test Cricket, however ICC grants One Day International status to its associate and affiliate members based on their success in the World Cricket League. The top six teams will be awarded One day international and Twenty20 International status, which will allow the associate and affiliate teams to be eligible to play the full members and play official ODI cricket.The associate and affiliate teams who currently hold ODI and T20I status:
| Nation | Governing body | Member since | Current ODI Rankings |
|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan |
Afghanistan Cricket Board | 2001[43] | 14 |
 Canada |
Cricket Canada | 1968[42] | 16 |
 Ireland |
Cricket Ireland | 1993[42] | 11 |
 Kenya |
Cricket Kenya | 1981[42] | 13 |
 Netherlands |
Koninklijke Nederlandse Cricket Bond | 1966[42] | 12 |
 Scotland |
Cricket Scotland | 1994[42] | 15 |
Types of matches
Cricket is a multi-faceted sport which, in very broad terms, can be divided into major cricket and minor cricket based on playing standards. A more pertinent division, particularly in terms of major cricket, is between matches in which the teams have two innings apiece and those in which they have a single innings each. The former, known as first-class cricket, has a duration of three to five days (there have been examples of "timeless" matches too); the latter, known as limited overs cricket because each team bowls a limit of typically 50 or 20 overs, has a planned duration of one day only (a match can be extended if necessary due to bad weather, etc.).
Typically, two-innings matches have at least six hours of playing time each day. Limited overs matches often last six hours or more. There are usually formal intervals on each day for lunch and tea with brief informal breaks for drinks. There is also a short interval between innings. Historically, a form of cricket known as single wicket had been extremely successful and many of these contests in the 18th and 19th centuries qualify as major cricket matches. In this form, although each team may have from one to six players, there is only one batsman at a time and he must face every delivery bowled while his innings lasts. Single wicket has rarely been played since limited overs cricket began.Test cricket
Main article: Test cricket
Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches between Australia and England in the 1876–77 Australian season. Subsequently, eight other national teams have achieved Test status: South Africa (1889), West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1929), India (1932), Pakistan (1952), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992) and Bangladesh (2000). Zimbabwe suspended its Test status in 2006 due to its inability to compete against other Test teams,[38] and returned in 2011.[39]
Welsh players are eligible to play for England, which is in effect an England and Wales team. The West Indies team comprises players from numerous states in the Caribbean, notably Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, the Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands.
Test matches between two teams are usually played in a group of matches called a "series". Matches last up to five days and a series normally consists of three to five matches. Test matches that are not finished within the allotted time are drawn. In the case of Test and first-class cricket: the possibility of a draw often encourages a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively, giving up any faint chance at a win to avoid a loss.[40]
Since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a trophy known as The Ashes. Some other bilateral series have individual trophies too: for example, the Wisden Trophy is contested by England and West Indies; the Frank Worrell Trophy by Australia and West Indies and the Border-Gavaskar Trophy between India and Australia.
Limited overs
Main article: Limited overs cricket
See also: One Day International and Twenty20
A "one day match", named so because each match is scheduled for completion in a single day, is the common form of limited overs cricket played on an international level. In practice, matches sometimes continue on a second day if they have been interrupted or postponed by bad weather. The main objective of a limited overs match is to produce a definite result and so a conventional draw is not possible, but matches can be undecided if the scores are tied or if bad weather prevents a result. Each team plays one innings only and faces a limited number of overs, usually a maximum of 50. The Cricket World Cup is held in one day format and the last World Cup in 2011 was won by the co-hosts, India. The next World Cup will hosted by Australia and New Zealand in 2015.
Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to complete the match within about three hours, usually in an evening session. The original idea, when the concept was introduced in England in 2003, was to provide workers with an evening entertainment. It was commercially successful and has been adopted internationally. The inaugural Twenty20 World Championship was held in 2007 and won by India. 2009's Twenty20 World Championship was staged in England and won by Pakistan. The next Twenty20 World Championship will be held in the West Indies. After the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 many domestic Twenty20 leagues were born. First of them was Indian Cricket League which is a rebel league since it is unauthorized by BCCI and led to form an official league called the Indian Premier League. Both these leagues are cash rich and attracted players and audience around the globe. Recently Twenty20 Champions League was formed as a tournament for domestic clubs of various countries.
National championships
Main article: First-class cricket
Australia established its national first-class championship in 1892–93 when the Sheffield Shield was introduced. In Australia, the first-class teams represent the various states. New South Wales has won the maximum number of titles with 45 to 2008.
National championship trophies to be established elsewhere included the Ranji Trophy (India), Plunket Shield (New Zealand), Currie Cup (South Africa) and Shell Shield (West Indies). Some of these competitions have been updated and renamed in recent years.
Domestic limited overs competitions began with England's Gillette Cup knockout in 1963. Countries usually stage seasonal limited overs competitions in both knockout and league format. In recent years, national Twenty20 competitions have been introduced, usually in knockout form though some incorporate mini-leagues.
Other types of matches
Main article: Forms of cricket
Indoor cricket is played in a netted, indoor arena, and is quite formal but many of the outdoor variants are very informal.
Families and teenagers play backyard cricket in suburban yards or driveways, and the cities of India and Pakistan play host to countless games of "Gully Cricket" or "tapeball" in their long narrow streets. Sometimes the rules are improvised: e.g. it may be agreed that fielders can catch the ball with one hand after one bounce and claim a wicket; or if only a few people are available then everyone may field while the players take it in turns to bat and bowl. Tennis balls and homemade bats are often used, and a variety of objects may serve as wickets: for example, the batter's legs as in French cricket, which did not in fact originate in France, and is usually played by small children.
In Kwik cricket, the bowler does not have to wait for the batsman to be ready before a delivery, leading to a faster, more exhausting game designed to appeal to children, which is often used PE lessons at English schools. Another modification to increase the pace of the game is the "Tip and Run", "Tipity" Run, "Tipsy Run" or "Tippy-Go" rule, in which the batter must run when the ball touches the bat, even if it the contact is unintentional or minor. This rule, seen only in impromptu games, speeds the match up by removing the batsman's right to block the ball.
In Samoa a form of cricket called Kilikiti is played in which hockey stick-shaped bats are used. In original English cricket, the hockey stick shape was replaced by the modern straight bat in the 1760s after bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rolling or skimming it. In Estonia, teams gather over the winter for the annual Ice Cricket tournament. The game juxtaposes the normal summer pursuit with harsh, wintry conditions. Rules are otherwise similar to those for the six-a-side game.
In addition, there is also Tape ball and Tennis ball cricket. Both variations use a tennis ball instead of a regular cricket ball to play. In Tape ball cricket, the ball is additionally covered with electric tape. The variation was pioneered in Pakistan and is greatly attributed to Pakistan's famous production of Fast bowlers as children are brought up playing the game using a tape ball in which various skills are developed. The increasing popularity of the tape ball in informal, local cricket has transformed the way games are played in cricket-loving nations such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and India.
Uniqueness of each field
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